Which theory suggests that aging results from biological mechanisms that limit lifespan for evolutionary benefits?

The programmed theory of aging posits that aging is a result of biological mechanisms that are genetically programmed to limit lifespan for evolutionary advantages. This theory suggests that there are certain biological clocks—such as those regulated by genes—that dictate the aging process and ultimately lead to the eventual death of organisms. These mechanisms may have evolved to ensure that resources are allocated efficiently among generations, promoting the survival and reproduction of younger individuals while not overly extending the lifespan of older ones. This adaptive function is thought to be advantageous for the species, as it maintains the balance within populations and ecosystems.

In contrast, the other theories focus on different aspects of aging. Damage theory emphasizes how accumulated damage over time leads to aging, while immunological theory highlights how the immune system's declining effectiveness contributes to age-related issues. Endocrine theory centers on hormonal changes and their impact on the aging process. Each of these theories provides valuable insights into different facets of aging, but the programmed theory specifically frames aging in the context of genetic and evolutionary influences on lifespan.